Middle Tennessee Disaster Analysis - 1472 Words

There are many disasters that occur everyday, but not always in the area in which one lives. The largest disaster in the area of middle Tennessee was the Cumberland river flooding in 2010. This disaster was the largest in the history of middle Tennessee, and doubled the previous record rainfall (Grigsby, 2015). This disaster ruined many historical locations, and displaced many people and businesses (Grisby, 2015). There were 11,000 buildings, and 10,000 people displaced (Grisby, 2015). The flooding of the Cumberland river killed 29 people, with the last victim being found months later (Grisby, 2015). From the thousands of properties destroyed there was over two billion dollars worth of damage done along the river (Grisby, 2015). The†¦show more content†¦The 2010 flooding of the Cumberland river around the area of Nashville was the largest disaster in the immediate area. This disaster began 1-2 May 2010, when the largest rainfall on record hit the area. This caused the massive flooding, and left many without jobs, or homes. It also destroyed landmarks and attempted to take the soul of Nashville, the Grand Ole Opry. However, the city banded together, cleaned up, and moved forward. The area is now more prepared for any future flooding, and is a city on the rise. References: Grigsby, K., (2015). 20 Things to Know About the 2010 Nashville Flood. Retrieved from: http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2015/04/30/nashville-flood-20-things-to-know/26653901/ The largest disaster in the middle Tennessee area was the flooding of the Cumberland River in 2010. There were disaster mitigation efforts made before and after the disaster. Disaster mitigation is the first of the four pillars of disaster preparedness (Siminovi, 2011). This is one of the most important pillars, as this is where real change can be physically made in order to possibly change the path of any future disaster. Prior to the disaster of 2010, there was some work done to prevent flooding. One can see a wall protecting the area of downtown from the river, but it was not large enough to protect from the flood of 2010. After the 2010 flooding, and into the yearShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Chattanooga Left1575 Words   |  7 Pagesmany years; yet, a motive is unclear. Neighbors and friends insist, Mohammed was a normal kid†¦ (Truesdell 49). Abdulazeez had recently traveled to the Middle East, and he also had blogs completely devoted to Allah. (Truesdell 49). He always quoted on one of his blogs that life is short and bitter (Truesdell 49). The article â€Å"Terror In Tennessee† makes clear, â€Å"He was polite; he never acted up† (Truesdell 49). Later, Mohammed s family confirmed that he had issues with drugs and alcohol (TruesdellRead MoreA Brief Analysis Of the Counterculture Movement of the 1960s2857 Words   |  12 Pagespersons in their early twenties, who through their flamboyant lifestyle expressed their alienation from mainstream American life. From this definition we can draw a conclusion that the main force of the counterculture movement is young people from middle class families. B.Social Background in the 1960sThe 1960s was a transitional period of great social change. Economically, like the 1920s and 1990s, the decade of the 1960s was a period of remarkable prosperity in the U.S. as measured by such statisticsRead MoreThe Kyoto Protocol and The Green Movement2768 Words   |  12 Pagesgreenhouse-gas emissions. Although President Obama has emphasized his desire to fight climate change, his administration is actually a defendant in the case. On the side of the polluting power plants. The federal government owns an electric utility, the Tennessee Valley Authority, which is named in the suit. Awkwardly, attorneys for the administration are trying to stand apart from the main arguments of the other polluters. They are not asserting that the courts, as a matter of law, should refuse to get involvedRead MoreActive Shooter7891 Words   |  32 Pagesplan. A contingency plan would not just cover school shootings but it would also incorporate plans to deal with natu ral disasters, not just shooting incidents. â€Å"The plan should include a risk analysis that identifies the possible threats posed and provides a comprehensive response plan for all eventualities. Those eventualities may be broadly defined as natural or man-made disasters.† (Kingshott, 2013). An effective contingency plan must be flexible and must be easily implemented and managed. This mustRead MoreEmergency Management Essay18946 Words   |  76 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT This chapter provides an overview that describes the basic types of hazards threatening the United States and provides definitions for some basic terms such as hazards, emergencies, and disasters. The chapter also provides a brief history of emergency management in the federal government and a general description of the current emergency management system—including the basic functions performed by local emergency managers. The chapter concludesRead MoreResearch9521 Words   |  39 PagesAssociation, Charleston, SC. This paper received the Best Doctoral Student Paper Award. 2004 Robinson, R. B. Jr., Sineath, P., Davis, P. S., and Harveston, P. D. 2004. Business level strategic choice in low market share firms:   An empirical analysis. The Entrepreneurial Executive, 8(1): 91-107. Davis, P. S., Allen, D., Mahto, R. V., and Lahiri, S. 2004. Family commitment to family business continuance. A paper presented at the 42d annual meeting of the Southern Management AssociationRead MorePoor Academic Performance7039 Words   |  29 Pages achievement in school is strongly related to need for love and affection. For boys, it  is not. k. Parents who set high standards for their children (within reason) tend to motivate their  children to do well in school. l. For white, middle class children, a good self-concept is most highly correlated with  achievement. For minority group children, adequate control over their failures or successes ismost highly correlated with accomplishment. m. For learning to take place, childrenRead MoreEssay about Poetry Analysis of The Second Coming by Yeats2990 Words   |  12 PagesPoetry Research Essay analysis THE SECOND COMING By William Butler Yeats, 1922 Mr. Yeats relates his vision, either real or imagined, concerning prophesies of the days of the Second coming. The writer uses the Holy Bible scripture text for his guide for because no one could explain this period of time without referring to the Holy Bible. He has chosen to present it in the form of a poem, somewhat like the quatrains of Nostradamus. The poem does not cover all the details of thisRead MoreSafety Culture vs Safety Climate5255 Words   |  22 Pages(2007:2) agree and conclude with various authors that the beginning of the safety culture period of accident investigation and analysis can be traced back to the nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986 in which a â€Å"poor safety culture† was identified as a factor contributing to the accident by both the International Atomic Energy Agency and the OECD Nuclear Agency. The Chernobyl disaster was the worst accident with regard to nuclear power generation. The recognition of the importance of safety culture basedRead MoreTootsie Roll Essay4115 Words   |  17 Pagestop five importers of U.S. products are: Japan, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, and the Netherlands. Foreign demand for U.S. produced higher value-added products (including candy) has increased since 1993, thanks primarily to the rapid growth of the middle class in developing and emerging nations, and growth in the new markets of the former Soviet bloc nations. However, the candy industry has recently faced several industry curbs. New nutritional labeling requirements were imposed by the Food and

Business Guide Or Safe Methods Of Business - 1573 Words

People are said to be products of their time and therefore different works of literature can represent the views of the society by which they are derived. These works also demonstrate what ideals were most highly valued by a society. The ‘self-help’ guide titled The Business Guide; or Safe Methods of Business by J.E. Hansford, published in 1892, is a definite example of this rule. The book contains several short articles and listicles which give advice for how successful business should be performed as well as promoting what it meant, per Hansford, what it meant to be a good businessman. The book lists various attitudes, behaviors and, practices which were highly valued at the time mainly by the present literate middle-class population. By†¦show more content†¦Savage/barbarian being a commonly used slur to reference racial and sometimes religious minorities in Canada at the time. Hansford promotes politeness by means of being cheerful, respecting differences of opinion and, sincerity and although there is truth to the matter of being polite to customers, business partners, and employees to better business dealings, the reference to â€Å"savages† is a dehumanizing and racist term and was used to subtly promote the ideals of the literate middle class as a European dominant society. Therefore, Hansford’s Business Guide promotes the idea of successful business persons as following the ideals of the middle class of Victorian Era Canada by which a successful business person, must be of a middle class European descent. Throughout the Business Guide, Hansford also promotes ideals pertaining to religion in order to succeed in business. Hansford explicitly states that to succeed in business one must â€Å"love your god and fellow men† as well as that â€Å"an honest man is the noblest work of god† all of which are brought forward in parts pertaining to proper behaviors of a man to be successful in business. This is reflective of a homogeneous Eurocentric audience, promoting god and religion as a crucial position in both business life and society as a whole; god is seen as one of the most important parts of everyday life. One of the quotes from the section of â€Å"Good AdviceShow MoreRelatedProposal For Choosing Visionary Tax Planners Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesDear Richie Gemma, Thanks for choosing Visionary Tax Planners Limited to help set up a self-guided walking and hiking tour business (Kauri Hikes) together with bed and breakfast accommodation (Kauri BnB) for their short stay guests. As you are seeking our advice on which business structure to use. GST registration, extracting capital and tax treatment of various expenses. We strongly recommend choosing â€Å"Regular Company† for both Kauri BnB and Kauri Hikes. Here is the detail analysis of this decisionRead More Kaufmans Organizational Elements Model Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesKaufmans Organizational Elements Model Introduction Every organization, whether it is an educational setting or a business setting, has the same basic principle. Each shapes and molds different ideas and ingredients to produce a good or service to deliver to external clients in the community or society. The success of the organization depends on the client satisfaction and the usefulness of what was delivered (Quality Management Plus, 30). Roger Kaufman’s Organizational Elements ModelRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Healthcare813 Words   |  4 Pagesphysicians and hospitals to create â€Å"smart buyers† and the system began to grow at a rapid pace. 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Develop, monitor and enhance safety of the practice WHS POLICY PROCEDURE BRIEF STATEMENT ABOUT BUSINESS AND WHS PROCEDURES Business type- Design Oce at Rhythm This is a large oce space, with 5 desks and 5 desk tpo computers. There are clothign hanginf racks, coat hangers, fabric boxes and the regular oce stationary and equpitment. The oce has windows- none open. There is an airconditioning machine for cooling and heating. There is a stair case which gives accessRead MoreDesign Management And Modern Project Management Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagesproject management and modern project management. Traditional project management The traditional project management method is widely known for the use of orthodox approaches and techniques in management. The methods have been in practice for decades. The long existence of the model stipulates that they are favorable for most domains. Even so, the evolution of technology and business models called for a change in managing projects. 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A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Free Essays

A Tale of Two Cities is a classic novel written by Charles Dickens. It is a historical/realistic-fiction novel with many well developed characters, settings, themes, and plot. Interestingly, the book has many main characters. We will write a custom essay sample on A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are all developed throughout the entire story- some are flat and some are round. However, to many of the readers, one character seems to be very special and moving. The character, Sydney Carton, is probably the most memorable character in the novel.Dickens shows that he is round changing from a â€Å"jackal† and an alcoholic into a hero (although it is impossible to call him a protagonist), sacrificing his own life for a woman he loved, but could never be with. In some ways, he can relate to the active reader because of his deep interest in the events that are going on. Another major character would be Mr. Jarvis Lorry. He is a flat character and the perfect image and representation of a Victorian-English hero. His generosity, supportiveness, and kindness are reflected upon his virtuous actions. He is the first major character introduced in the novel and is present throughout the entire novel. Yet another major character in the novel would be Madame Defarge. Being the most sinister, cold hearted and evil character, she is the antagonist who represents a sans-culotte, a die-hard French Revolutionary woman whom Dickens intended for her to represent the cold hearted Lady Macbeth. She and her husband are responsible for the protagonists’ misery on many occasions. A Tale of Two Cities takes place during the French Revolution in two cities- France and England. The setting mainly contributed to the major themes and the tone of the entire novel. It helps emphasize the triumph of the Revolutionaries and horrors that the victims of the Revolution faced. It also helps show the problems England faced too- which includes the obsession of paranormal and superstitious principles. The setting also helps contribute to a prominent motif that Dickens uses- duality (Two cities). Duality is immediately noticed because it is expressed in the opening lines, â€Å"It was the best of times. It was the worst of times† (7). This motif is resent in the characters and events that take place in the story too. Because the setting contributes so much to the story, it serves as a major component for Dickens’s construction of the novel. A major theme in the novel would be the theme of resurrection. Although this does not send out a moral message (not all themes do so), it contributes to the novel’s tone. The storming of the Bastille, the renewal of Doctor Mannette’s (another major character) mind, and Sydney Carton’s foresight of a new French empire are all examples of carefully crafted events that help show the presence of this theme. In fact, the entire novel is about renewal, regeneration, and rebirth. The problem in this story, endangerment of the Darnay family (also major characters and protagonists), is solved by Carton’s sacrifice. In his foresight, the third generations of the Darnay family name their children after Sydney. This also shows resurrection in some way. A Tale of Two Cities starts off with Jarvis Lorry riding up a hill and receiving a message calling him to tell the orphaned 17 year old Lucie Mannette (the main protagonist) that her father is still alive and help her find him. He is found mentally troubled imprisoned in the Bastille, but he is completely rejuvenated from seeing and interacting with Lucie. With the aid of Mr. Defarge and Jarvis Lorry, they find transportation back home in England. Here the Mannettes and Sydney Carton stand as testimonies for Charles Darnay (yet another major character who traveled with them on the way back to England) in a trial for life and death. Darnay is found innocent and falls in love with Lucie. When they get married, Madame Defarge finds out and plots against Darnay because his father and uncle had raped and murdered her sisters and killed the rest of her family. In the end, Defarge is able to get Darnay imprisoned and sentenced to death. This novel, by far, is my favorite book of all time. Dickens is able to write such a work with careful construction of themes, motifs, allegories, allusions, and symbols, ingenious story structure, countless literary elements, and vivid descriptiveness and tone that makes the novel an unquestionable masterpiece. He is also able to add a very comic and lighthearted side to the story through the actions of one side character. Although to many, the novel was wordy and hard to follow, I enjoyed Dickens’s wordiness and I didn’t have any major problems following the story. Thus, there was nothing I didn’t like about this novel. The story was not predictable and kept me on my toes, but it was still believable. The story ends with Sydney Carton dying in place of Darnay to preserve the happiness of Lucie Mannette, the woman he loved. It closes with a dramatic quote that alludes to William Shakespeare’s Hamlet stating, â€Å"It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known† (386). How to cite A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, Essay examples A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Free Essays The book is called A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens published by Penguin books in New York first published in 1839. The book’s 449 pages talks mostly about the years leading up to the French Revolution and climaxes in the Reign of Terror perpetrated by the Jacobins. The story is about Charles Darnay, a French Aristocrat, and Sydney Carton, an English barrister. We will write a custom essay sample on A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both fall in love with the same woman, Lucie Manette. Eventually, Sydney is executed. The chapters are almost evenly divided between events in France and Events in England. II. Analysis The novel as per Dickens’ conception dealt heavily with themes of ressurection, guilt, hope, shame, redemption, social injustice and patriotism. The novel was a rare example of a Dickens’ novel having a historic theme because it talked about real world events that happened France and England during the years of revolution. His book teaches us about the futility of mob violence and the violence that occurs in relation to the French revolution most especially the excesses of the Jacobins. Finally, the book teaches us about the extreme social inequality that eventually led to the revolution. III. Appraisal. I liked the book because it applied Dickens’ impressive writing skills to the field of history. The normally bland topic is given amusing form and becomes something the youth can enjoy reading about. I would recommend it to other young people as an introduction to history and the social inequalities of Europe that led to the revolutions that swept the continent.    How to cite A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, Papers

Aviation human factors Principles and Application

Question: Literature review on the process of Hierarchical Task Analysis? Brief history of Hierarchical task analysis (HTA); Goals and purpose of HTA; Typical application of HTA; and Overview of the HTA process. Answer: History A composed, purpose strategy for clarifying clients' effectiveness of tasks, "hierarchical task analysis (HTA)" emerged in human elements. In its most fundamental structure, an HTA gives a knowing of the activities clients need to perform to accomplish certain goals. The client can separate these undertakings into a few levels of subtasks. The user can utilize HTA to clarify the correspondences between a man and a product program. At the point when building up another system, HTA lets the customer find different conceivable methods to completing the same procedure. At the point when looking at a current project, it can help the user to enhance specific correspondences(Diaper Stanton, 2004). Goals and purpose This analysis starts with uncovering the general reason that the individual needs to fulfil. This is then re-described into an arrangement of sub-operations and the technique indicating when they are performed. The methodology is a great essential piece of HTA since it clarifies the points of interest assets that the representative must be displayed at two, to have the capacity to sign the requirement for different activities. Every sub-operation can be re-described further if the expert needs, again as two different capacities and projects(Stanton, 2006). Typical application HTA needs a specific knowing of clients' activities. The client can fulfil this knowing by: Recognizing the clients' primary objectives Specifying the activities clients must execute to fulfil their objectives Improving these methods The inquiry of whether it is important to break down a specific capacity to a superior phase of points of interest depends on whether the expert considers that an imperative misstep strategy is liable to be uncovered by a more astounding grained analysis. In the event that the repercussions of not persistently holding up until the anxiety had diminished were not kidding and forgetting to look at the anxiety was likely, then it would be important to split down the capacity 'charge reactor' to its component activities. Tragically, until the authority has put up the capacity further, it is trying to envision how a sub-operation of the following diminished phase of glitch may don't succeed, and what the repercussions of this fizzling may be (Shepherd, 2001). In work out, a worry of the regular nature of the PIFs of the situation being broke down will give a decent of the general shot of the error in the specific capacity being examined. In the same way, the repercussions of errors can be broken down as to the general weakness to individual misstep of the subsystem into concern. By considering these viewpoints together, it is generally clear where the analysis ought to be finished. Shifting phases of points of interest may be essential for diverse reasons, e.g. risk examination, instructing prerequisites or procedures style(VaÃÅ' squez C, Gruhn Minker, 2013). Overview Here the advantages and disadvantages of HTA are discussed (Embrey, 2000): Advantages HTA is a financially savvy strategy for gathering and arranging data since the requested data needs just to be composed up to the component where it is needed for the reasons of the examination. The requested system of HTA permits the pro to pay consideration on vital elements of the methodology which can have an impact on spot assurance. At the point when utilized as a criticism to outline, HTA permits productive objectives to be determined by the more prominent phases of the examination preceding last decisions being made about the segments. This is critical when doling out peculiarities in the middle of representatives and computerized procedures. HTA is best planned as a participation between the procedure pro and individuals occupied with gimmicks. Subsequently, the master creates the data of the procedure relying upon the perspectives of the line representatives who are responsible for successful capacity of the framework. HTA can be utilized as a spot to begin for utilizing different oversight research strategies to investigate the mix-up forthcoming in the proficiency of the needful characteristics. Disadvantages The specialist needs to make an assessment of mastery so as to examine the errand effectively since the strategy is not a straightforward methodology that can be utilized in a flash. Be that as it may, the vital aptitudes can be acquired sensibly rapidly through practice. Since HTA must be completed together with workers, supervisors and experts, it obliges devotion of perseverance from dynamic individuals. References Diaper, D., Stanton, N. (2004). The handbook of task analysis for human-computer interaction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Embrey, D. (2000). Task Analysis Techniques. Human Reliability Associates. Shepherd, A. (2001). Hierarchical task analysis. London: Taylor Francis. Stanton, N. (2006). Hierarchical task analysis: Developments, applications, and extensions. Applied Ergonomics, 37(1), 55-79. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2005.06.003 VaÃÅ' squez C, D., Gruhn, R., Minker, W. (2013). Hierarchical neural network structures for phoneme recognition. Heidelberg: Springer.

A response to Beethoven Moonlight Sonata 3rd movement Essay Example

A response to Beethoven Moonlight Sonata 3rd movement Essay Ludwig van Beethoven’s music is generally understood as the composer’s personal expression of his deep-felt emotions. The mercurial composer not only suffered from a progressively worsening deafness but also turbulent romantic relations. His music is said to capture the high and low moments of his personal and professional lives. His music is also divided into those that were meant for public performance and those that were written for private/intimate enjoyment. The Moonlight Sonata falls into the latter category. The first movement, which is set as Adagio sostenuto sets the romantic mood to perfection. It is very intimate and an expression of longing and anticipation. This is followed b the second movement which is a short Allegretto that provides sharp contrast in tempo and rhythm to the first movement. And finally the third movement, set as Presto agitato, offers an apt conclusion to the sonata. The meaning of the third movement can be interpreted as a longing ful filled or a love requited. It has a bouncy and ebullient character. There is juxtaposition of high and low notes, whose combined effect is one of engaging the attentiveness of the listener. The tempo is largely upbeat throughout the seven minutes and twenty seconds of the movement’s duration. To equate it to modern pop music genres is to look at it as a party or dance number. The movement is a perfect end to the sonata with its alternating mottos of ambiguous dissonance and perfect consonance. An understated harmonic style and tonal focus are also evident in the composition. Influential American composer and music theorist Aaron Copland has laid out some basic rules in judging compositional quality. According to him â€Å"emphasis on the perfect fifth (and its inversion to a perfect fourth) is a characteristic element of mature musical language†. (Copland 1960) Although the 3rd movement does not fully meet this criterion, it compensates in other ways. The numerous fast arpeggios and strongly accented notes make it a demanding piece of music for any pianist. Since Copland saw merit in music that pushes the boundaries of skills of rendition as well as skills of listening, he would have approved of the 3rd movement. Beethoven’s liberal usage of sforzando notes, in combination with the sparsely yet precisely placed fortissimo sections, creates a powerful musical output. Copland’s generally rated drama and emotion highly over technical perfection – the 3rd movement satisfies on both counts. We will write a custom essay sample on A response to Beethoven Moonlight Sonata 3rd movement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A response to Beethoven Moonlight Sonata 3rd movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A response to Beethoven Moonlight Sonata 3rd movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another highlight of the final movement is how it incorporates elements from the first two movements so as to establish continuity. This is skillfully carried out by the composer – the end result is one of a multi-layered musical structure that draws upon the essence of the earlier movements and adds a flourish to it. Copland believed that in order to ascertain the merit of a particular piece of music the composition stand up to accepted formal standards. But he also appends that no music can be objectively measured – a large part of the process of appreciation actually lies with the listener. To this end, Copland asks two fundamental questions of listeners – â€Å"Are they hearing everything that is going on? Are they really being sensitive to it?† (Copland 1960) If we are to answer to both these questions in the affirmative, then the 3rd movement of the Moonlight Sonata cannot fail to excite and delight. Reference: Copland, Aaron (1960). Copland on Music. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Company, Inc. Ludwig van Beethoven’s music is generally understood as the composer’s personal expression of his deep-felt emotions. The mercurial composer not only suffered from a progressively worsening deafness but also turbulent romantic relations. His music is said to capture the high and low moments of his personal and professional lives. His music is also divided into those that were meant for public performance and those that were written for private/intimate enjoyment. The Moonlight Sonata falls into the latter category. The first movement, which is set as Adagio sostenuto sets the romantic mood to perfection. It is very intimate and an expression of longing and anticipation. This is followed b the second movement which is a short Allegretto that provides sharp contrast in tempo and rhythm to the first movement. And finally the third movement, set as Presto agitato, offers an apt conclusion to the sonata. The meaning of the third movement can be .

An Application To Selling A Cruise Vacation Package Tourism Essays

An Application To Selling A Cruise Vacation Package Tourism Essays An Application To Selling A Cruise Vacation Package Tourism Essay An Application To Selling A Cruise Vacation Package Tourism Essay This paper seeks to discourse the construct of merchandise life rhythm use to sell sail holiday bundle merchandising in Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) . First, the foreground of develop sail industry in worldwide and in Hong Kong is described and explicate the function of travel agent in selling the sail holiday bundle. Then the construct of merchandise life rhythm is introduced. Finally, a instance survey of Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) is presented to exemplify the life rhythm of selling the sail holiday bundle. Cruising can be interpreted in many different ways and can include many different types of vass. The impression of cruising is best explained by mention to the definition of a sail ship ; vessel set abouting scheduled, deep H2O sails of two yearss or more with a rider capacity of 100 individuals or more ( Research Department Tourism Queensland ) . Another account about sail is a trip by sea on a line drive for leisure, remarkably docking at assorted ports during its journey ( Collins English Dictionary, 2008, ) . Cruise ships are non, like ferries, merely seen as a manner of conveyance. These ships are frequently a finish on itself, and can be typified as drifting hotels, or even drifting resorts ( Dowling, 2006 ) . Nowadays, many travel agents sell a basic sail holiday bundle which is across-the-board. A sail holiday bundle includes revenue enhancements, port charges, airfare, cabin stay, repasts, and 24-hour room service. ( WTO ) Some of the travel agents given clients with extra merchandise offering of widening their trip either before or after the sail. This packaged merchandise normally includes extra dark corsets at a hotel in the embarking or debarking port. ( Neil Biehn 2006 ) Introduction The sail industry is one of the fastest-growing sections in the travel industry since 1980 the industry has had an mean one-year rider growing rate of 8.1 % . ( By: Miller, Richard K. ; Washington, Kelli, 2009 ) Harmonizing to WTO 2003, although the market portion of sails in the touristry market is little ( 0.6 % of the hotel beds offered worldwide ) , there still has unbelievable growing figures and has a high potency to develop. Harmonizing to B A ; A, rider carrying degrees could spread out from the present 13.2 million to between 19.3 and 30.1 million by 2020 ( see Figure 1 Projected Worldwide Passenger Levels, 2004 2020 Beginning: B A ; A 2004 ) . Figure 1 Projected Worldwide Passenger Levels, 2004 2020 ( Source B A ; A 2004 ) In Hong Kong, the rider degrees for conventional sails have expanded from about 8.5 million to 13.9 million between 1999 and 2005, during the same period, the Asia Pacific part accounted for between 5 % and 8.6 % of the worldwide market. ( B A ; A, 2005 ) Between 1999 and 2005, Hong Kong s typical rate of gaining control of the Asia Pacific conventional sail market ranged from 16 % to 30 % . ( Hong Kong Tourism Report Q1 2010 ) . The figure of cruise vas calls has increased from 409 to 1 051 ( Hong Kong Tourism Report Q1 2010 ) .over the same period. The explosive growing was the consequence of the sail industry redefining itself from a narrowly focussed niche merchandise to a broader-based, mass-market holiday experience. Besides the capacity with many big sail companies puting to a great extent in new ships ( Hayman, 1990 ; Peisley 1995 ) . Cruise ships have advance through a figure of developmental stages ; Amrik Singh ( 1999 ) from the little, 500 rider vass of the 1970s to the rise of the 3600 rider vass of the late ninetiess. See Figure 2 Development of Cruise Vessels ( Source: B A ; A, 2006 ) The capacity of the sail line industry increased from 41,073 positions in 1981 to 172.281 positions in 2001 at the one-year growing rate of 7.6 % .The sail capacity enlargement is expected to go on in the following 5 old ages from 189,441 positions in 2002 to 249,623 positions in 2006 ( CLIA, 2002 ) Time period Length ( m. ) Draft ( m. ) Pax Features of the Period 1960 155 11 500 Vessels acquired A ; refurbished. 1970 215 9.75 650 Standard concern theoretical account used with profitable consequences until the fuel crisis. 1980 245 9 1500 Change in concern theoretical account ; experimentation with larger vass and runing paths. 1990 275 8 2600 Larger vass going the finish. Shallower bill of exchanges. 1997 294 8 3600 Mega-vessels that are drifting metropoliss. Focus on maximising rider capacity. One-region vass non capable of Panama Canal Transit 2000 305 9 3000 Larger vas volume concentrating on making efficiencies with vas design, outside cabin development, vas services and flexible deployment. 2006 300+ 9 4000 Freedom category, 160,000-GT. Allows for increased onboard gross countries, largest vas in the universe position and big economic systems of graduated table. Following Coevals 335-425 9-11 5000+ Product and service led design ; new advanced Marine hull design to back up more above H2O construction. Separate flat towers, amusement zones and comfortss. Limited port deployment options. Figure 2 Development of Cruise Vessels ( Source: B A ; A, 2006 ) Between 2000 and year-end 2008, over 100 new ships were launched ( Travel A ; Tourism Market Research Handbook, 2009 ) . In Hong Kong, the major participants are Star Cruises, Costa Cruises, Princess Cruises and P A ; O Cruises ( Australia ) . Seven sail vass homeporting at Hong Kong in 2008, which include Costa Allegra ( from Costa ) , Star Pisces, Superstar Aqarius, Superstar Libra and Superstar Virgo ( all from Star Cruises ) and Rhapsody of the Seas ( from RCCL ) Due to the sail industry become more and more globalized, Hong Kong Government is besides pressing in front with developing Hong Kong as a major regional sail hub. It will finance the edifice of a sail terminus at the former Kai Tak airdrome. The first position is expected to get down operation in mid-2013. Most North American sail lines do non hold offices setup in the part so general gross revenues agents or travel agents are appointed to stand for them. Harmonizing to Cruise Lines International association ( CLIA 2008 ) merchandising sails is a good concern. The bulk of sails ( around 74 % ) are still sold by travel agents ( Figure 3 Travel Agent Usages to Book Cruise Vacations. Cruise lines still pay committees of 10 % or more. Figure 3 Travel Agent Usages to Book Cruise Vacations ( CLIA 2008 ) Due to the above grounds, there is a high potency to develop sail industry. Therefore, look into the merchandise life rhythm of selling sail holiday bundle is an of import scheme to categorise and expose investing cost hazards, physical factors and information systems needs in different phases. The Product Life Cycle Butler ( 1980 ) was the first to qualify the development of the tourer industry by the construct of the life rhythm merchandise, following the theories of Vernon ( 1966 ) on the international merchandise rhythm. The merchandise life rhythm theory provides an of import position for the preparation of schemes, because each stage of the life rhythm is believed to hold distinguishable features that offset the operation of a concern and accordingly marketing plan ( Avvari V. Mohan, K.N. Krishnaswamy 2006 ) . It says that the development of gross revenues and net incomes of new developed merchandises shows a clear form. Although there are different theories presented the rhythm into different phases such as Reid ( 1989 ) present five phases, where Cokayne ( 1991 ) nowadays into three phases, Despite the non-representativeness of this sample, it is robust plenty to let one major decision that the classical bell-shaped merchandise life rhythm may be a reasonably common form. ( David F. Midgley ) The classical bell-shaped merchandise life rhythm involved four phases which include Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. In this paper, we will utilize the classical bell-shaped merchandise life rhythm ( Figure 4 Life rhythm of merchandise Gross saless and Net income. Beginning: Alan Marklew 1985 ) to look into the phase of selling sail holiday bundle by Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) Figure 4 Life rhythm of merchandise Gross saless and Net income ( Beginning: Alan Marklew 1985 ) Introduction Phase In this phase, new merchandise launched and the rate of gross revenues volumes to get down easy. The selling attempt is focused on placing market demands and specific merchandise characteristiics. ( Enis et al. , 1977 ) . At this phase, significant selling investing in countries such as advertisement and gross revenues promtoion ; hence prodcuts are normally lossmakers for most ( Alan Marklew, 1985 ) . The end of srategies is s to raise the gross revenues from zero to some predetermined degree. Growth Stage In this phase, consumers clearly feel that this merchandise will profit them in some ways and they accept it, the administration will see a period of rapid gross revenues growing. The sum of net income and figure of gross revenues show a strongly betterment. The major elements of marketing programme at this stage is to set up the trade name, spread out distribution, differentiat merchandise, offer merchandise discrepancies. ( Hambrick et al. , 1982a ) . The selling scheme is an of import factor in this stage, which involved merchandise betterments, add-on of discrepancies, and intensive and extended distribution. Besides, increasing gross revenues attempts and advertisement for trade name image are besides of import. ( Hofer, 1975 ) The handiness of merchandises might be communicated to prospective visitants through promotion or promotional activities, viz. in forming of import events. ( Goncalves, Vitor F. Da C.Aguas, Paulo Manuel Roque Fall97 ) . Maturity Stage In this phase, gross revenues slow down as the merchandise gross revenues reach peak as most of the possible buyers of a merchandise have been converted into clients. The rate of growing in gross revenues slows down increasingly and so degrees off. Harmonizing to Hofer ( 1975 ) , in this phase changes in market scheme are required. Company tries to keep market portion and gross revenues and at the same clip happen new markets. It is of import to increasing merchandise line ( Hambrick et al. , 1982 ) , increased advertisement, increasing complementary merchandises, consolidating distribution. Decline Phase Gross saless start to worsen either because of the addition of rivals or consumer gustatory sensations change. Net income becomes more a challenge of production/distribution efficiency than increased gross revenues Identifying the Product Life Cycle phases Several writers have proposed some designation methods to place the phase of the merchandise. For illustration, Reid ( 1989 ) , states that historical information with clip series, volume, sum, monetary values, consequences are need for designation. Levitt ( 1986 ) proposed to find what comes following in order to set up current place. Avvari V. Mohan, K.N. Krishnaswamy ( 2006 ) used the market programme variables as an index. There are 30 variables of MP were identified such as utilizing gross revenues force attempts, selling outgos, promtion innovative, new markets appear, gross revenues recognition, market cleavage, trade name consciousness etc. Doyle ( 1976 ) use different characterisitcs appear in the life rhythm phases to sort the location of phase. In his classfiicatio, he use the figure of gross revenues, sum of profiles, Cash flow, clients features, rivals, market scheme, market costs, selling accent, pricing, distribution and merchandise. ( Figure 5 The worlds of the mercha ndise life rhythm Doyle 1976: ) Product Life rhythm Introduction Growth Adulthood Decline Features Gross saless Low Fast Slow to worsen Worsening Net incomes Negligible Extremum Degrees Get down to worsen Worsening to zero Cash Flow Negative Moderate High Low Customers Early adoptive parents Mass market Mass market Dawdlers Rivals Few Turning Many met excessively challengers Taking market Cardinal Actions Scheme Expand market Market incursion Defend portion Productiveness Selling cost High High Falilng Low Marketing Emphasis Merchandise consciousness Brand Preference Brand trueness Image care Pricing High Maintain Maintain/increase Rising Distribution Patchy Intensive Intensive Selective Merchandise Basic Improved Broaden postion Apologize Figure 5 The worlds of the merchandise life rhythm The state of affairs of selling sail holiday bundle by Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) This subdivision describes the development of the state of affairs of selling sail holiday bundle by Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) . The life rhythm of sail holiday bundle is now at the phase of Growth The grounds are harmonizing to the undermentioned phenomena: Changes in Product line Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) cooperated with different sail company and ever increase the assortment of sail lines. Before 2004, there are merely three sail holiday bundle provided to their clients. This included the sail ships Infinity and Constellation from Celebrity Cruises Company: and Costa Classic from Costa: Cruises Company. Until 2010 April, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) provide 34 assortment of sail holiday bundle to their clients. Besides the sail paths change from within Asia part to Hong Kong USA or Europe. By altering the merchandise line, clients will hold more option to take and it is one of the methods to avoid the lessening in sale volumes of sail holiday bundle. The of import point is that Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) understand their clients penchants, and respond to their demands. And they need to pass on with the Cruise lines have to placing market demands and edifice ships to fit those demands. This may include seting their paths, supplyi ng a assortment of activities, penchants, amusement picks, and involvements, to run into Asiatic outlooks every bit good as to reflect the cultural character of the part Amrik Singh ( 1999 ) Presents, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) coordiante with five big international sail companies. They included Azamara Cruises, Celebrity Cruise, Costa, Royal Caribbean Internatioanal, MSC Cruises. Each of the companies have differenct figure of cruise ships. Each of them with different paths, yearss, finishs and charactieritcs. Paths for each sail ship Azamara Cruises Company: with one sail ship called Azamara Quest which include a 15 yearss tour traveling to Turkey, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Greece Celebrity Cruise Company with four sail ships Infinity which include a 9 yearss tour traveling to Seattle, Alaska, Victoria ) Equinox which include 13 to16 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Israel Eclipse which include 14 to 17 yearss tour traveling to England, Spain, Portugal, France Configuration which include 15 yearss tour traveling to Holland, Germany, Sweden, Russia, Finland, Denmark, Costa: Cruises Company with six sail ships: Costa Classica which include 5 to 9 yearss tour traveling to Taiwan, Shanghai, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, China, Costa Deliziosa which include 9 to 10 yearss tour traveling to Dubai, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Russia Cost Serena which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Mediterranean Costa Concordia which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Tunisia, Spain, France Costa Pacifica which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Mediterranean, Italy, Greece, Croatia, Malta Costa Luminosa which include 14 yearss tour traveling to Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Baltic Sea Royal Caribbean International Cruises Company with three sail ships Legend of the Sea which include 7 to 8 yearss tour traveling to Shanghai, Japan, Korea, Russia Voyager of the Seas which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, France, Spain Oasis of the Seas which include 11 yearss tour traveling to Miami, Bahamas MSC Cruises Company with six sail ships Fantaisa which include a 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Spain, France Magnifica which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Greece, Turkey, Croatia Musica which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Greece, Turkey, Croatia Orchestra which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Russian Poesia which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Denmark, Germany, Norway MSC Splendida which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, France, Spain, Malta, Tunisia Gross saless Volume among those tourist merchandises selling in Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) At the beginning of selling sail holiday bundle, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) merely selling the bundle through their subdivision offices as the figure of sail is non every bit much as presents. The gross revenues volume of sail holiday bundle is merely 5 % in 2003 ( informations recorded by Flying On Travel Agent Mr. Ho Outboard Operation Manager ) among their assortment tourer merchandise such as circuit, vacation bundles, hotel merchandising and ticket merchandising. At that clip, they do non hold any advertizement about their sail holiday bundle. They merely selling the sail holiday bundle through the publicity by sales representative who sitting in their subdivision offices. In 2006, the gross revenues volume of sail holiday bundle is increased to 11 % ( informations recorded by Flying On Travel Agent Mr. Ho Outboard Operation Manager ) among their assortment tourer merchandise. The increased gross revenues volume of sail holiday bundle is due to the addition of cruise s hips arrived in Hong Kong and the capacity of sail ships increased quickly. Promotion Methods In order to advance the sail holiday bundle, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) will organisation different publicity activities to their clients. In 2008, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) corporate with Royal Caribbean International and invited VIP invitees to see the sail of Legend of the Sea . During the visit, invitees were able to look around and seek to utilize all facilitates and activities on board. Each invitee will have a booklet which introduce facilitate, activities and paths of The Legend of the Sea . Guests were able to inquire any inquiries about the ship during the visit. In the same twelvemonth, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) arranged another group of six 100 invitees to fall in a New Year Party which held in The Legend of the Sea . During the party, there was a lucky draw. The award are included one free circuit of The Legend of the Sea which provided by Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) . In 2008, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) besides held a Maiden Voyage Celebration And Introduction Of Itinerary Meeting of the Voyager of Sea in their Cruise Centre. During the meeting, some images shown so environment ( e.g. adorn infinite ) , installations ( e.g. swimming pool ) , of Voyager of Sea were shown. One hundred of invitees were invited and half of them joined the sail holiday bundle of Voyager of Sea in the same twenty-four hours. In 2009, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) introduce the programme Travel Expertise to supply a to the full service and selling schemes to their clients. Ms.Yuki Lau who is an expertise leader in Cruise circuit. By keeping this programme, the mean gross revenues volume of sail holiday bundle increased 2 % . ( informations recorded by Flying On Travel Agent Mr. Ho Outboard Operation Manager ) Improved Quality In order to better the quality of selling sail holiday bundle, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) established a Cruise Center in Central for their clients to inquire information for sail holiday at 2006. All of the staff in the sail centre has finished the Cruise Selling Training Course provided by Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong ( TIC ) . All of the staff has award the certification of this preparation Course. Furthermore, in 2006, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) corporate with Costa and three hundred of their staff reward the professional sail expertness University of WOW ( Expert Level ) of Discover Costa . Rival After Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) established the first Cruise Center in 2006, their rivals start to follow them, for illustration Hong Thai Travel Agent and EGL Tour Agent established their first sail Centre at the terminal of 2008 and Decision Harmonizing to the theory of Alan Marklew ( 1985 ) , it can see that the merchandising of sail holiday bundle in Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) is now in the Growth phase. A figure of factors will lend to this, the figure of increase gross revenues volume, the present of rival, increasing the entreaty of the merchandise to a wider market, the alteration in merchandise line and the appear of rival. Due to the edifice of a sail terminus at the former Kai Tak airdrome will be opened in the mid 2013, the development of sail industry in Hong Kong has a strong potency to go a prime sail hub in the Asia Pacific part.

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Roles and Responsibilities of the Newly Qualified Nurse The aim of this essay is to explore and discuss important aspects of the roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse. It will discuss an overview of different type of roles and responsibilities including transition. The roles and responsibilities of a qualified nurse include essential professional skills such as leading in care management and care delivery situations as well as maintaining standards of care. The focus of the essay will be on two chosen roles of newly qualified nurses (delegation and patient group direction). It will discuss the meaning of these concepts and their importance for nurses, and provide some practical contextual examples. It will also discuss the rational of chosen roles A new qualified nurse expected to be competent to work in all environments and situations. This emerging health care system requires a registered Nurse workforce at all levels post initial registration capable of critical reflective thinking in order to create this system. With registration comes a shift in professional accountability together with wider clinical management and teaching responsibilities. On becoming a qualified nurse, the expectations and dynamics of relationships changes fundamentally. Suddenly the newly qualified nurse is the one who must know the answer whether it is a query from a patient, a career, a work colleague or a student. The newly qualified nurse will encounter many challenging situations where she or he must lead care delivery. This includes dealing with care management within the team, dealing with patients/service users, dealing with other professionals, and dealing with the required needs of the whole workplace environment. The NMC requires a student nurse to demonstrate professional and ethical practice, be competent in care delivery and care management and show personal and professional development in order to join the register NMC (2010). It is recognized that nurses should be provided with some form of preceptorship and supervision in their role for a period of four months time NMC (2006)) once qualified. Even in this period of preceptorship, there are new expectations and challenges faced by the newly qualified nurse. Mooney (2007) found that newly qualified nurses were faced with assumptions from others that they should know everything. This was also a high expectation they had of themselves. In meeting the NMC standards of proficiency the nurse should have demonstrated the relevant knowledge and skills in order to practise in their career. However, it is important to recognise that not every nurse knows everything about everything in their career especially if they are practising in highly specialized fields. What they need is to be able to develop and adapt to changing situations. Therefore, for the nurse it is impossible to know everything but they should have developed the skills to find out relevant information, reflect on it, and apply this to their practice. In essence they should have learned how to learn. There is a great deal to be learned once qualified, especially related to a nurses new area of work and a good deal of the development needs to take place on the job. The study by Jackson. K (2005) suggested that a successful transition requires the nurse to develop a self-image relevant to the change in status to be able to do the job and that they meet the expectations with others with appropriate support. Mooney (2007) also points out that the duties faced by most newly qualified nurses were not patient contact centred. There were a lot of duties related to contacting and dealing with other professionals and services. These brought anxieties related to the responsibilities that might be faced as the nurses would become increasingly senior in their roles with others expecting them to provide the actions and the answers in complex situations. This highlights how the experience of nursing of transition from student to newly qualified nurse can be daunting. In the current environment there is an expectation that nurses have a preceptor one qualifying for aid in these transitions but the literature still suggests there is a difficulty in the transit ion process for such professionals. Hole. J, (2009) found that individual accountability, delegating duties without appearing bossy and some challenging clinical situations such as death and dying and specialised technological roles were found to be stressful by qualifying nurses. Issues of the preceptorship of newly qualified nurses become apparent and important in dealing with the transition from supervised student to autonomous practitioner. The approach taken throughout the rest of this essay will be to provide a discussion of the main theories, concepts, and issues related to the roles and responsibilities of delegation and PGD for newly qualified nurses. It will discuss the meaning of these concepts and their importance for nurses, and provide some practical contextual examples. The rational of choosing these two roles are because: Firstly delegation is a huge newly qualified nurses concern. According Hole. J, (2005) newly qualified nurses are not capable to delegate tasks to someone else and they end up overloading themselves. This is because an accountability issue or not knowing the staffs well as they is new to the ward. Secondly, it is a legal requirement that newly qualified nurses need to have knowledge of PGDs in order to work within legal and ethical frameworks that underpin safe and effective medicines management NMC (2010). For this reason, I personally was interested and picked them to discuss in order to develop my understanding and prepare me to successfully make the transition from student nurse to a registered professional. Delegation is the process by which responsibility and authority for performing a task is transferred to another individual who accepts that authority and responsibility. Although the delegator remains accountable for the task, the delegate is also accountable to the delegator for the responsibilities assumed. Delegation can help others to develop or enhance their skills, promotes teamwork and improves productivity Sollivan.E.J et al (2009). Therefore, delegation is the area where newly qualified staff experience huge difficulties. Often they do not feel confident enough to ask someone else to do something for them. Consequently, they try to do all of the work themselves and end up leaving late or providing less than adequate standards of care. Other members of staff will not mind if they delegate tasks to them, as long as they apply the basic rules such as ensuring that it is something they are competent to do. When delegating, the delegator remain responsible for that care if he/she do not delegate appropriately as stated by NMC (2008). It is also important that the delegator explained clearly what it is he/she want them to do and why because he/she might genuinely busy or is it just something that he/she does not want to do. Hole.J, (2005) explained that As long as he/she asks the other member of staff in a courteous manner and stick to the rules, there will be few problems. However, there may always be someone who has the potential to react in a negative way to his/her request. These people are often known for this type of behaviour and it should be dealt with swiftly by their manager. This type of reaction experience should be discussed with the member of staff or if he/she not feels confident enough to do this, he/she should talk to the manager. As mention above this will be a difficult skill for a newly qualified nurse especially at first. They will need to get to know the other staff before they will feel truly comfortable delegating to others in the team. They may feel guilty about asking others to do tasks which they feel that they should be doing themselves. What they need to realise is that they cannot possibly do everything themselves and that they will need to work as a team in order to deliver good patient care. The new qualified nurses may well feel that they cannot ask others especially HCAs who have worked on the ward for years to do things for them. The nurse will probably feel self-conscious and embarrassed. The answer is that it is not what the nurse asks them to do that are important. It is how he/she asks them. Good communication is the key to successful delegation. The nurse should take a few minutes to discuss with the HCA/student with whom he/she is working who will be doing what during that shift. Share the workload and be realistic. Therefore the newly qualified nurses must not overload themselves with care they do not really think they can give. The member of staff would rather know what their workload is at the beginning of the shift so that they can organise their time effectively. If the delegator has to ask them to take on extra work during the shift, they will find this difficult. So the delegator should keep communicating with them during the shift, and if he/she is held up with relatives or an acutely ill patient, he/she should tell them and explain that he/she will try to help them as soon as possible. When the new qualified nurses are delegating, it is important to ensure that this is appropriate as it is their responsibility to ensure that the member of staff to whom they delegate is competent to perform the task. This means that if they delegate a task to a member of staff who is not competent and they perform the task wrongly, they are accountable for the harm caused to the patient. Although the member of staff responsible, they remain accountable. For example, they cannot assume that the HCA/student with whom they are working is competent in the skill of measuring and recording a patients blood pressure. Just because the member of staff has worked on that ward for a period of time, this does not mean that they have been taught correctly. They must assess their competence to perform the task before they allow them to do this independently. They can then justify their delegation of that skill if necessary. Patient Group Direction (PGD) is a written instruction for the supply and/or administration of a licensed medicine (medicines) in an identified clinical situation signed by a doctor or a dentist and pharmacist. It applies to a group of patients who may not be individually identified before presenting for treatment NPC (2009), page 11. In simple terms, a PGD is the supply and/or administration of a specified medicine or medicines by named authorised health professionals for a group of patients requiring treatment for the condition described in the PGD. The health professional must be registered. Implementing PGDs may be appropriate both in circumstances where groups of patients may not have been previously identified for example, minor injuries and first contact services and in services where assessment and treatment follows a clearly predictable pattern such as immunisation, family planning and so on. Professionals using a PGD must be registered or equivalent members of their profession and act within their appropriate code of professional conduct. This differs from supplementary prescribers and independent prescribers who must also successfully complete specific prescribing training and be appropriately registered before they may prescribe. However, organisations using PGDs must designate an appropriate person within the organisation. For example, a clinical supervisor, line manager or General Practitioner to ensure that only fully competent, qualified and trained healthcare professionals use PGDs. Individual practitioners using a PGD must be named A Patient Group Direction allows specified registered healthcare professionals to supply or administer a medicine directly to a patient with an identified clinical condition without him/her necessarily seeing a prescriber. So, patients may present directly to health care professionals using PGDs in their services without seeing a doctor. Alternatively, the patient may have been referred by a doctor to another service. Whichever way the patient presents, the healthcare professional working within the PGD is responsible for assessing that the patient fits the criteria set out in the PGD. In general, a PGD is not meant to be a long-term means of managing a patients clinical condition. This is best achieved by a health care professional prescribing for an individual patient on a one-to-one basis. Before a healthcare professional can use a PGD, he/she must be named and have signed the PGD documentation. This generally takes the form of signatures and names on a list or individual forms that are attached to the PGD itself or held by the service or organisation. Employees of NHS organisations authorising a PGD generally have indemnity attached to their status as an employee. This may also apply to non-NHS organisations. However, the organisations and employees involved should always check that this is the case. If the professional is not directly employed by the organisation, he/she still needs to be assessed as competent to use the PGD and must have his/her own relevant professional indemnity or insurance. These issues have implications for service delivery when new staff begins, or agency staff are covering services. They may not be able to work under a PGD immediately or may be excluded because of their employment status. Service managers need to be aware of these issues and plan service delivery to accommodate them. The use of PGDs is widespread throughout the NHS and since April 2003, some non-NHS organisations have been able to use them suggested by NPC (2009). Organisations must ensure that staff responsible for the development / implementation of PGDs and those authorised to work under PGDs have the experience, knowledge and skills necessary to do so. Unlike supplementary prescribers, nurse independent prescribers and healthcare professionals using PGDs do not have to become specifically qualified to do so. But they must be assessed by their organisations as fully competent, qualified and trained to operate within a PGD. A suitably competent and experienced healthcare professional who will be working under the PGD should be involved in the writing of the PGD, to ensure that the PGD meets the needs of the service. The role by RCN (2004) proposes that the registered nurse must be assessed as competent in medicines administration, Must be trained to operate within a PGDMust follow the 6 Rs of medicines administration Usually need to be qualified for at least 6 months Must assess the patient to ensure they fit the criteria as detailed in the PGD Must ensure the PGD meets the necessary legal requirements Cannot delegate the supplying/dispensing or administration stage to another registered nurse or student nurse. There is no specific national training for healthcare professionals producing PGDs The newly qualified nurses are not expected to be able to operate under a PGD until competent in medicines administration. However, they need to have knowledge of PGDs for their patient safety. For example, if patient under PGD admitted to the ward, the nurse must ensure that the medicines not stopped. The NMC (2010) code of conduct outline that newly qualified nurses to be fully understood all methods of supplying medicines. This includes Medicines Act exemptions, patient group directions (PGDs), clinical management plans and other forms of prescribing. They are expected to demonstrate knowledge and application of the principles required for safe and effective supply and administration via a patient group direction including an understanding of role and accountability. And also demonstrate how to supply and administer via a patient group direction. The newly qualified nurses may be involved with PGDs such as assisting and identifying areas where a PGD would offer more benefits than a PSD, understand the principles and processes of PGDs and be fully conversant with all the principles associated with dispensing and administering medicines they may also be working in a variety of settings where PGDs are used for example prison health care setting, nurse led service, walk in centres In my conclusion, I have learnt the roles and responsibilities of newly qualified nurses and I have developed skills and professional knowledge to work effectively with others. The NMC (2010) code of conduct helped me how the laws and policies are set up to ensure safe and effective delivery of care given to service users under a patient group direction. I am now prepared for the challenges I will face on being a newly qualified nurse by providing the knowledge and skills required to become effective and accountable practitioners. Clinical decisions will still have to be made in relation to meeting the needs of the people within my care. However, becoming a qualified nurse brings with its wider responsibilities in making and taking decisions related to the nursing team, other staff, and the work environment as a whole. These changes require a large shift from the experience of being a student and a mentored supervised learner, so it is essential that I am equipped with all the skills required to successfully make the transition.

Moral Destruction In The Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Gatsby: The Destruction of Morals In The Great Gatsby, the author F. Scott Fitzgerald shows the destruction of morals in society. The characters in this novel, all lose their morals in attempt to find their desired place in the social world. They trade their beliefs for the hope of being acceptance. Myrtle believes she can scorn her true social class in an attempt to be accepted into Ton's, Jay Gatsby who bases his whole life on buying love with wealth, and Daisy, who instead of marrying the man she truly loves, marries someone with wealth. The romance of money lures the characters in The Great Gatsby into surrendering their values, but in the end, "the streets paved with gold led to a dead end" (Vogue, December 1999). The first example of a character whose morals are destroyed is Myrtle. Myrtle's attempt to enter into the group to which the Buchanans belong is doomed to fail. She enters the affair with Tom, hoping to adopt his way of life and be accepted into his class to escape from her own. Her class is that of the middle class. Her husband, Wilson, owns a gas station, making an honest living and trying his best to succeed in a world where everything revolves around material possessions. With her involvement in Tom's class, she only becomes vulgar and corrupt like the rich. She loses all sense of morality by hurting others in her futile attempt to join the ranks of Tom's social class. In doin...